2.
   2022
/   
      
(1947-2000 .)
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           
2.                 
 -
3.     1966       
4.              
 -
5.           
2.
6.              
-
7.            
8.              '  ,
   2022
/   
      
(1947-2000 .)
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           
:1947    -            
      ,     -    -   
               ,   
        '      -  
   ,         
2.
 '     ,        -  
       -  
 ,    ,  
        ,         ,
   -             
    
        --    
1.          
                  
       
           
          
          10-14     

  
           ,    ,
, ,          -  
  
 
  
      , -    
,      
              
,
               

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      -         
 ,   '   
2.        
  ,           ,  
       -     ,   
   
   '  :
   
 '   
2.
      
  -   
            10   
  
       
 -       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:          ,    
       
3.      
    ,         -  
   
 -                
     ,     
 -,          :
     
     
    
  
            ,   
     
                
     ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ,         
    
4.  
  ,        :
        
2.
    
       
    ,     -  
 :
,       ,   
       
     
             
,   ,            ,
   "  "    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     -        
5.   
      
 -  , ,      
   
          
 :
     
     
    '    ,      
       -      ,  
  ,  ,         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    ,     
6.   
     '    
2.
            
   
      
 , 1966 ,     ,     
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:        '  
7.       
        
         :
  
   
    
  ,             
 
            -    

,           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            

1947       
 -         
  
     :
  ' 
 
 
 
 
  
 ,       
     
2.
         -     
    
,  
    ,       
 :  
          
    
   ,        
2.                 
:           
 
        ,  
    
               1947     
,        -      ,   
        '   
;    
, -   ,   -       
        , ,      
  
            
       ,    
1.   :   
           , ,     
      1947   ,      85   7 
       ,      
 
 :         ,     
         ,      
    
    :      ,    
        
     -        '      

2.      
         ,          
    -  
2.
    :
       ,    
              
       
  :          ,   
               

,          
  :,      ,  
     
      
        
   
3.      
    
 -  -       , ,
  
   :          
     
   :  ,       
    
  :   ,         
          ,    
       
              
4.        
      
,         
   ,     
     :       
        
:               
        
:        ,
  ""    
             
5.      
2.
             ( )   
        ,     
    
    :        
 
     :           
   
 :          ,  
-     
6.    
        
 -         - 
       
    ,     
    ,      ,   
         
7. 
                  
     ,       ,    
             
               ,  
  ,             

 ,  
      , 
    

   - 
  ,  ,        
     ,       
 -
3.     1966       
:        1966     
         
 -    
, ,     
      
,                  
                 
              
2.
󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆    ?
                
      
1947      ,         
             
  
,       
,     
  ,            ,    
     ,   ,      -  
  -   '   
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"      '    ,      

?"
    

󷹞󷹟󷹠󷹡   
      (  )     ,     
 ,           
        
?
      
    :
    
      
     
     
,          '   -  
- 
        
     

2.
󺯘󺯔󺯙󺯚󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯛󺯜 
?
          
 
            :
    
 
  
             ,   
  
          
 ,      
󹻦󹻧   
      
    , ,  
    
 ,     ,         '
        
             
               

󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩 -   
 ,     ,           
      
    , 1966   
     ?
          '  
  :
󷄧󼿒   '    ' -     
2.
󷄧󷄫  
           
󷄧󷄬          '  
      ,  ,      
󷄧󷄭     
        
󷄧󷄮     
             
       -        
󽇐  
 ?
               
            
 :
       
              
     
            
  
             
  
              

󽁔󽁕󽁖       ?
   
   ,  :
2.
   
   
 
 ,   -      
,     ,    '     
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
       -       
       ,      
                 ,
    ,   ,        
           -        
     
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜
     1966            
    
        
  -        
       ,         
   
,        ,        
      
          
 - ,      
 
2.
4.              
:         
 1960            ,   
  '                , 
          -        
          ,  "   " 
  
   ,        
   
   
1.     ?
  1960               
    :
-      (HYV)    
          
      
,    
     
      ,    
,         
2.    
?
              ,   
    ,          
 
        ,        
 
3.   '     
()    
                
   
     -            
 
()   
2.
             
  
  ,   
     ,         
()    
           1970  
,    '    

    "    "    
4.    
    :          
 
  :      -    
     
   :     ,     
 '   
5.       
     ,       :
()     
             
        ,       

- (  '    )     
()    
     
  ,      
 
             
()     
            
          
(d)    
          
2.
   '          
  
6.  
              
 ,              
7. 
             ,    
      ,          

 ,  
       ,       
   -            
  
 :     ,        
    
 -
5.           
:"    "   ?
       
          
             
 ,            (  
  )    ,  , , ,    

 
,   ,  , ,      
 
      ?    --
 
  :     (19
)
2.
               
             
       -    
       ,        
        
 
 ?
         :
 :    
    :      
     :       
    :       
  ,     '      
 
       
         
 
   :      
              
1900     ,            
,           
 -  ,
         
    1914           ,
  ,              
         
  ,             
    
  ,   ,    ,         
       ,      
  
 
  :     
2.
    ,         
 1950  1960        
    ,          
        " "    
    ,      :
   ( ) 
   
    
    
,    , ,     -  
   
    
    
       

   
20
   ,            
,    ,        

       ,        
              ' 
 
     
  - 
    
  
1947              
 ,             
 -              
      -           
  
2.
   :         
    
 ,   -   

     
  :
     
        
,   
   
      
      
     
   
                
  ,      ,     
     
      :
  
        , ,     

 
      ,        
   - 
      
 ,     
    
   
,             '   - 
     
2.
       
    
    :
  
 
 
     
               
     -     
    

 
     :    
            , 
,             
     ,       !
     ,     '   

                
               
 ,        
              
          
   ,
,   -        
  ,        
 :    

 -       
   
2.
6.              
:      
         
   ,   
   - ,    -        ,
        ,      
,        
;  ,  
             
,    -- 
1.  
19
 ,   ,           
       ,  ,    (1882 
  ,      )   
           - , 
  '  
         ,        

2.       
1947  ,              
       
        
  
    :         
       
:    (, 1969)   
(, 1962)         
  
 :       , 
      
          

3.       
     '  '  ,     
           (, 1962) 
             
2.
        ,    ,   
   
 ,    -          
4.    
1970   ,              
 '  ,     '
-  :         
  
   '   :      
       
   :          
        
           
5. 21
    
             :
  :     ,   -
     
   (PGI):-      ,
 2024    22          
    (NEP) 2020:    NEP   ,
 ,      '   
  :      
  
       
          -   
6.    
   ,        
         ,   ,    
          
     
         ,  ..,  
              

 
2.
7.  
   ,          :
- :            
 
  '  :         
   ,        
     :   ,      
   
           
8. 
             
         ,          
    ,  ,        
              
 
        21
     
           
;     
    ,     
-
7.            
:󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆     ?
         
    ,
, ,  ,         

               
      ,       - , , 
  
      '       :
     
  
2.
  
         
 
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭     -    
       '          
        
         ,        
     , , ,     

     ,       
 -       -   
       ,          
     
;  ,         
,           
 ,            '   
 '            ,  
       

         :
     
,  
 '       
   
       

󽆐󽆑󽆒󽆓󽆔󽆕        
  19
    20
      ,  
          ,   
        
      ,          
   -         
            
2.
      ,           
  1947             
,                
'      
        ,       
     ,          
       
        :
     '   
    
     
     
    
              
  
󷘧󷘨    -      
        '         
          
   , -
     
               '

     '      ,    
      
 ,          '  
             
         ,     
   
       :
      -  
    
     
  '   
2.
         ,     

 
󷊷󷊸󷊺󷊹   -      
               
 
      ,     
  ' 
  
-, -,  -      
     ,       -  
   -
 ( )           
 ' -             
    
󹶜󹶟󹶝󹶞󹶠󹶡󹶢󹶣󹶤󹶥󹶦󹶧      -     
,        , ,     
              
,   
         
          ,  
     
           
 - ,   
         
󽇐        
       
;      

 
   :
     
    - 
 
   
 
2.
     
 
       
   
, 
    
 ,   ,   
   
󷄧󼿒
      , ,     
      
           
          ,     
   
     
     
          ,   
       , ,    
,  
    
  - , ,   
8.              '  ,
:          
  "   "    ,    ,
          ,     ,
         :        
,              
 ,  -            
 
1.     
()    
         
       
  " " - ,    -     -  
               
     , , ,  ,      
       
()   
   
2.
 :  ,     ,     
          
   :         
 ,        
       : ,      
,        
 :      ,       
   
()     
 :  ,  ,         
   :     ,   
       
    :  ,      -   
  
   :  ,        
  ,           
(d)        
    :          
  
   :         
     
   :- ,        
   
 
     :    -    
         
2.       
()      ?
            
    
           
 
 ,               
     
()  
 ?
  :           
 
     
   :           
2.
   :       ,   
   '  
 
   :-        
   
()     
   :      -     
        
 :   ,         , 
     
   :        
 , 
  -   
   :           
 
 
(d)       
    :    (1994)      
 '   
   : ,         
   
   :   -    
  
 
:          
,  
         
3.      

  
 

 

,  
,  

 , ,
 
  , 
  ,
 
 

 , ,
  
  
, 

  ,
  ,

  
          
           '   ,  
           
4. 
2.
          
 -     
              ,  
  ,   ,       , 
    
  :        
 -      
               
,      ,         
"                 
 
          ,         
 "